The development and testing of multiple-level theories magnifies these concerns. The strength of multiple-level theories is their complexity; they do not oversimplify organizational realities (Burstein, 1980).
2007年3月3日星期六
Multiple-level theory
The development and testing of multiple-level theories magnifies these concerns. The strength of multiple-level theories is their complexity; they do not oversimplify organizational realities (Burstein, 1980).
2007年3月2日星期五
Statistical tests
Statistical tests of the predicted homogeneity, independence, or heterogeneity of a measure fall into two rough categories:
a. those that assess the extent of agreement within a single group and
b. those that assess the extent of agreement (or reliability) by contrasting within-and between-group variance.
1. James, Demaree, and Wolf's (1984) Iwg typifies the first category.
2. the second category includes analysis-of-variance models and their related measures of association such as
a. eta-squared (Dansereau et al., 1984) and
b. different forms of the intraclass correlation (Glick, 1985; Kenny & La Voie, 1985; Maxwell, Camp, & Arvey, 1981)
Although they employ differing criteria, these indicators are designed to answer a common question:
Does the variability within groups differ from what would be expected by chance?
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